Squats are one of the most foundational exercises in strength training. They target key muscles in the lower body, improve functional mobility, and boost athletic performance. But as a personal trainer, you’ll encounter different types of squats that clients may prefer or need to focus on, namely deep squats (butt wink) and 90-degree squats. Understanding the key differences between these squat variations can help you guide your clients toward the best option for their goals, experience level, and physical condition.
What Is a Deep Squat?
A deep squat (sometimes called a full squat) is where the hips drop below the level of the knees. The thighs go well past parallel to the ground, and in the deepest position, the hips may be lower than the knees, with the glutes closer to or even below the knees. The deep squat challenges the body’s full range of motion, particularly engaging the glutes and hamstrings.
A key thing to watch for with deep squats is the “butt wink”—when the pelvis tilts posteriorly (backward) as the squat reaches its lowest point, causing the lower back to round. While some degree of rounding is normal, excessive butt wink can put undue stress on the lumbar spine, potentially leading to injury.
Benefits of Deep Squats
- Full Range of Motion: Deep squats engage a wider range of muscles, including the glutes, hamstrings, and quads. This is especially valuable for clients seeking functional mobility and strength.
- Glute Activation: The deeper the squat, the more the glutes are recruited, making it an excellent exercise for glute strength and hypertrophy (muscle growth).
- Improved Flexibility and Mobility: Consistently performing deep squats can help improve flexibility in the hips, ankles, and lower back, key areas often limited in many clients.
- Functional Movement: Deep squats mimic real-world movements requiring full hip and knee flexion, making them excellent for clients seeking to improve everyday movement and athletic performance.
Drawbacks of Deep Squats
- Butt Wink Risk: If a client lacks sufficient hip, ankle, or lower back mobility, they may experience excessive “butt wink,” which places strain on the lower back. Be cautious of clients with a history of back issues.
- Flexibility Requirements: Deep squats demand a high degree of flexibility and mobility. Clients with tight hips or ankles may struggle to perform the movement correctly.
- Not Always Necessary: For clients focused on strength training for sports or powerlifting, a deeper squat may not be necessary. Parallel or 90-degree squats can often deliver the results they need with less risk.
What Is a 90-Degree Squat?
A 90-degree squat, also known as a parallel squat, is a variation where the thighs are parallel to the floor or slightly below, but the hips don’t drop past the knees. In this position, the knees bend to about 90 degrees, and the pelvis remains in a more neutral position compared to a deep squat.
Unlike the deep squat, the 90-degree squat reduces the potential for lower back rounding or “butt wink.” It’s an excellent option for those who may not yet have the mobility to go deeper or for clients who are new to squatting.
Benefits of 90-Degree Squats
- Joint Safety: The 90-degree squat is considered safer for the lower back and knees, particularly for clients who may have limited mobility or those just starting strength training.
- Strength and Muscle Focus: This squat variation still targets key lower-body muscles like the quads, hamstrings, and glutes effectively, but with less stress on the body, making it great for hypertrophy (muscle-building) without the risk of improper form.
- Easier for Beginners: Because it doesn’t require as much hip and ankle mobility, the 90-degree squat is a great starting point for beginners, helping them master squat technique before progressing to deeper ranges of motion.
- Reduced Risk of Injury: With less extreme flexion and a more neutral spine position, the 90-degree squat poses a lower risk of injury—especially in clients with less-than-optimal flexibility or strength.
Drawbacks of 90-Degree Squats
- Less Glute Activation: The 90-degree squat places less emphasis on the glutes compared to deeper squats, especially in the lower portion of the movement.
- Limited Range of Motion: While effective, the shallower depth means that fewer muscle fibers are recruited overall. Clients looking to develop maximum mobility or full-body strength may benefit from incorporating deeper squats.
- Not Always Functional: The 90-degree squat doesn’t always mimic the full range of motion required in athletic activities, where deeper knee and hip flexion is needed.
Deep Squats vs. 90-Degree Squats: Which Should You Recommend to Clients?
As a personal trainer, the choice between deep squats and 90-degree squats should be based on your client’s goals, fitness level, and current mobility.
For Strength and Powerlifters
- 90-Degree Squats: Competitive powerlifters typically perform squats to at least parallel for optimal leverage and joint safety. Since deep squats place more strain on the body, they are usually reserved for accessory movements or mobility work in powerlifting programs.
- Deep Squats: Can be beneficial for accessory training and mobility development, but not always necessary for strength-focused athletes.
For Athletes and Functional Training
- Deep Squats: Athletes often benefit from deep squats, as they mirror the functional movements required in many sports—where full hip and knee flexion come into play. Deep squats also help improve joint mobility and overall athletic performance.
- 90-Degree Squats: Still useful, but may not fully simulate the range of motion needed for many athletic movements. They can be a good option for building strength in the quadriceps and hamstrings, especially in those with limited mobility.
For Muscle Building (Hypertrophy)
- Deep Squats: Ideal for targeting the glutes, quads, and hamstrings. The greater range of motion allows for optimal muscle recruitment and is key for those focused on building mass in the lower body.
- 90-Degree Squats: Still effective for muscle growth, but may place less emphasis on the glutes, particularly in the lower portion of the movement. They are a great option for clients who are working on improving squat technique or building strength with a lower risk of injury.
For Injury Prevention and Safety
- 90-Degree Squats: Excellent for clients with limited mobility or those new to training. The 90-degree squat is safer for the lower back and knees, making it a good choice for those who are concerned about joint health or have a history of injury.
- Deep Squats: If a client lacks the necessary flexibility or technique, deep squats can increase the risk of injury—especially if the “butt wink” causes unnecessary lumbar strain. It’s essential to assess their mobility and gradually build up to deeper squats over time.
For Beginners
- 90-Degree Squats: Perfect for beginners who need to focus on form and build foundational strength. It’s easier for most clients to execute without the risk of mobility restrictions.
- Deep Squats: More challenging for beginners and those with limited flexibility. Focus on improving hip, ankle, and lower back mobility before progressing to deeper squats.
Conclusion: Making the Right Choice for Your Clients
Both deep squats and 90-degree squats have their place in a well-rounded training program. The decision of which to prioritize depends on the client’s individual goals, experience level, and mobility.
- Deep squats are ideal for clients seeking full-body activation, improved flexibility, and functional strength. They’re great for athletes, muscle growth, and mobility, but require good mobility and proper technique.
- 90-degree squats are safer and more accessible, especially for clients with mobility limitations, beginners, or those focused on strength training without the risk of injury.
In many cases, a combination of both squat variations will provide the best results, incorporating the benefits of both while minimizing the risk of injury. As a personal trainer, it’s important to assess each client individually, adjusting squat depth and technique based on their unique needs and progress.
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